Refine Your Knowledge
Leading journal articles from research around the world.
For those who want to go straight to the source.
Current Status of Psychedelics in Psychiatry
Letheby, C. and Gerrans, P. (2017) Self unbound: ego dissolution in psychedelic experience.
Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2018). How do psychedelics work? Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 32(1):16-21.
Williams M. & Warner M. (July/August 2020). The Psychedelic Renaissance. Australasian Science.
Winkelman, M. J. and Rodríguez Arce J. M. (2021) Psychedelics, Sociality, and Human Evolution
de Vos Cato M. H., Mason Natasha L., Kuypers Kim P. C. (2021).
Psychedelics and Neuroplasticity: A Systematic Review Unraveling the Biological Underpinnings of Psychedelics
Microdosing
Polito, V., & Liknaitzky, P. (2022). The emerging science of microdosing: A systematic review of research on low dose psychedelics (1955–2021) and recommendations for the field. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 104706.
- Systematic review of 44 studies involving microdosing
- Analysed a vast range of mental and physical factors
- All evidence indicated clear improvements in cognition, mental health, and a change in conscious state
- Self-report studies also found improvements in creativity, attention, wellbeing, positive personality changes, greater connection to nature, mood, sociability, and emotional processing
- Self-report studies were considered to be more reliable, as reports came from the long-term effects of microdosing, in contrast to lab studies analysing effects only after a single microdose
- Recommendations were also made for future microdosing studies in regards to dose, placebo control, safety and study designs
End of life related depression and anxiety
Pearson, C., Siegel, J., & Gold, J. A. (2021). Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for depression: Emerging research on a psychedelic compound with a rich history. Journal of the neurological sciences, 434, 120096. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2021.120096
Individual Experiences in Four Cancer Patients Following Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy. Malone, et al. Frontiers in Pharmacology. April 2018. 57(4): 354-388, https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167817706884
Cancer at the Dinner Table: Experiences of Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy for the Treatment of Cancer-Related Distress. Swift, et al. Journalist of Humanistic Psychology. June 2017. 57(5), 488-519, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022167817715966
Patient Experiences of Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Belser, et. al. Journal of Humnistic Psychology. April 2017. 57(4): 354-388, doi: 10.1177/0022167817706884
Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: A randomized double-blind trial. Griffiths, et al. Journal of Psychopharmacology. December 2016. 30: 1181-1197, doi:10.1177/0269881116675513.
Rapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Ross, et al. Journal of Psychopharmacology. December 2016. 30: 1165-1180, doi:10.1177/026988111667551.
Pilot Study of Psilocybin Treatment for Anxiety in Patients With Advanced-Stage Cancer. 2011. Grob CS, Danforth AL, Chopra GS, Hagerty M, McKay CR, Halberstadt AL, Greer GR. Arch Gen Psychiatry. Jan 2011, 68(1):71-8.
Treatment resistant depression
Metaxa, A. M., & Clarke, M. (2024). Efficacy of psilocybin for treating symptoms of depression: systematic review and meta-analysis. bmj, 385.
Raison, C. L., Sanacora, G., Woolley, J., Heinzerling, K., Dunlop, B. W., Brown, R. T., … & Griffiths, R. R. (2023). Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA.
Gukasyan, N., Davis, A. K., Barrett, F. S., Cosimano, M. P., Sepeda, N. D., Johnson, M. W., & Griffiths, R. R. (2022). Efficacy and safety of psilocybin-assisted treatment for major depressive disorder: Prospective 12-month follow-up. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 36(2), 151-158.
Goodwin, G. M., Aaronson, S. T., Alvarez, O., Arden, P. C., Baker, A., Bennett, J. C., … & Malievskaia, E. (2022). Single-dose psilocybin for a treatment-resistant episode of major depression. New England Journal of Medicine, 387(18), 1637-1648.
Trial of Psilocybin versus Escitalopram for Depression, Robin Carhart-Harris, Ph.D., Bruna Giribaldi, B.Sc., Rosalind Watts, D.Clin.Psy., Michelle Baker-Jones, B.A., Ashleigh Murphy-Beiner, M.Sc., Roberta Murphy, M.D., Jonny Martell, M.D., Allan Blemings, M.Sc., David Erritzoe, M.D., and David J. Nutt, M.D. N Engl J Med 2021; 384:1402-1411 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2032994
More Realistic Forecasting of Future Life Events After Psilocybin for Treatment-Resistant Depression. Lyons, et al. Frontiers in Psychology. October 2018. 9(1721): 1-11, doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01721
Clinical potential of psilocybin as a treatment for mental health conditions. Ment Health Clin [Internet]. Daniel J, Haberman M. 2017;7(1):24-8. DOI: 10.9740/mhc.2017.01.024
Quality of Acute Psychedelic Experience Predicts Therapeutic Efficacy of Psilocybin for Treatment-Resistant Depression. Roseman, et al. Frontiers in Pharmacology. January 2018. 8(974): 1-10, doi: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00974.
Patients’ Accounts of Increased “Connectedness” and “Acceptance” After Psilocybin for Treatment-Resistant Depression. Watts, et al. Journal of Humanistic Psychology. June 2017. 57(5): 520-564, https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167817709585.
Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: six-month follow-up. Carhart-Harris, et al. Psychopharmacology. November 2017. 235(2):399-408, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4771-x
Psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression: fMRI-measured brain mechanisms. 2017. Carhart-Harris RL, Roseman L, Bolstridge M, Demetriou L, Pannekoek JN, Wall MB, Tanner M, Kaelen M, McGonigle J, Murphy K, Leech R, Curran HV, Nutt DJ. Scientific Reports 7, Article number: 13187 (2017), doi:10.1038/s41598-017-13282-7.
Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: an open-label feasibility study. 2016. Carhart-Harris RL, Boldstridge M, Rucker J, Day CMJ, Erritzoe D, Kaelen M, Bloomfield M, Rickard JA, Forbes B, Feilding A, Taylor D, Pilling S, Curran VH, Nutt DJ. The Lancet Psychiatry. 17 May 2016.
Major Depressive Disorder
Psilocybin-assisted therapy for depression: How do we advance the field? 2019. Sally E Meikle, Paul Liknaitzky, Susan L Rossell, Margaret Ross, Nigel Strauss, Neil Thomas, Greg Murray,Martin Williams and David J Castle. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. November 2019. 9(1721): 1-11, doi:
10.1177/0004867419888575
Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of Major Depressive Disorder: Preliminary results from a randomized controlled trial 2019. Alan K. Davis PhD, Darrick G. May MD, Mary Cosimano MSW, Matthew W. Johnson PhD, Frederick S. Barrett PhD, Roland R. Griffiths PhD. Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Psychedelic Research Unit
Patients’ Accounts of Increased “Connectedness” and “Acceptance” After Psilocybin for Treatment-Resistant Depression. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 57(5), 520–564. Watts, R., Day, C., Krzanowski, J., Nutt, D., & Carhart-Harris, R. (2017).
Davis AK, Barrett FS, May DG, et al. Effects of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy on Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78(5):481–489. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285
Lifetime use of MDMA/ecstasy and psilocybin is associated with reduced odds of major depressive episodes. Journal of Psychopharmacology. Jones GM, Nock MK. January 2022. doi:10.1177/02698811211066714
Gukasyan, N., Davis, A. K., Barrett, F. S., Cosimano, M. P., Sepeda, N. D., Johnson, M. W., & Griffiths, R. R. (2022). Efficacy and safety of psilocybin-assisted treatment for major depressive disorder: Prospective 12-month follow-up. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 36(2), 151–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211073759
Addiction
Percentage of Heavy Drinking Days Following Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy vs Placebo in the Treatment of Adult Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Bogenschutz MP, Ross S, Bhatt S, et al. JAMA Psychiatry. Published online August 24, 2022. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2096
Medicinal psychedelics for mental health and addiction: Advancing research of an emerging paradigm. Perkins D, Sarris J, Rossell S, et al. 2021. doi:10.1177/0004867421998785
Clinical Interpretations of Patient Experience in a Trial of Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy for Alcohol Use Disorder. Bogenschutz, et al. Frontiers in Pharmacology. February 2018. 9(100):1-7, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00100
Classic hallucinogens in the treatment of addictions. 2015. Bogenschutz MP, Johnson MW. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol BiolPsychiatry. Mar 2015.
Long-term follow-up of psilocybin-facilitated smoking cessation: Abstinence outcomes and qualitative analysis of participant accounts. 2015. Garcia-Romeu AP, Noorani T, Griffiths RR, Johnson MW. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, Volume 156, e78. DOI.
Psilocybin-assisted treatment for alcohol dependence: a proof-of-concept study. 2015. Bogenschutz MP, Forcehimes AA, Pommy JA, Wilcox CE, Barbosa PC, Strassman RJ. J Psychopharmacol. 29 Mar 2015, (3):289-99. doi: 10.1177/0269881114565144. Epub 2015 Jan 13.
Pilot study of the 5-HT2AR agonist psilocybin in the treatment of tobacco addiction. 2014. Johnson MW, Garcia-Romeu A, Cosimano MP, Griffiths RR. J Psychopharmacol. 28 Nov 2014, (11):983-92. doi: 10.1177/0269881114548296. Epub 2014 Sep 11.
Bogenschutz, M. P., Ross, S., Bhatt, S., Baron, T., Forcehimes, A. A., Laska, E., … & Worth, L. Percentage of Heavy Drinking Days Following Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy vs Placebo in the Treatment of Adult Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA psychiatry.
Other diseases
Walker, C., Piatkowski, T., Ferris, J., Davies, E., Barratt, M., Winstock, A., & Puljević, C. (2024). From chaos to kaleidoscope: Exploring factors in psychedelic self-treatment for mental health conditions. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 02698811241265762.
Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Psilocybin in 9 Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. 2006. Moreno FA, Wiegand CB, Taitano EK, Delgado PL. J Clin Psychiatry. Nov 2006, 67(11):1735-40.
Response of cluster headache to psilocybin and LSD. 2006. Sewell RA, Halpern JH, Pope HG Jr. Neurology. 27 Jun 2006, 66(12):1920-2.
A potential role for psilocybin in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder 2020. Jacobs E.
Journal of Psychedelic Studies. July 2020.
Rootman, J.M., Kiraga, M., Kryskow, P. et al. Psilocybin microdosers demonstrate greater observed improvements in mood and mental health at one month relative to non-microdosing controls. Sci Rep 12, 11091 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-14512-3
Exploratory Controlled Study of the Migraine-Suppressing Effects of Psilocybin 2020. Emmanuelle A. D. Schindler & R. Andrew Sewell & Christopher H. Gottschalk & Christina Luddy & L. Taylor Flynn & Hayley Lindsey & Brian P. Pittman & Nicholas V. Cozzi & Deepak C. D’Souza. Neurotherapeutics. October 27th 2020
Legalising Access to Psilocybin To End The Agony Of Cluster Headaches. An ethical and evidence-based approach to treating one of the most excruciating conditions known to medicine, November 2020 by OPIS.
Psilocybin-assisted group therapy for demoralized older long-term AIDS survivor men: An open-label safety and feasibility pilot study Anderson, B. et al. September 2020.
Psychedelics as Novel Therapeutics in Alzheimer’s Disease: Rationale and Potential Mechanisms. Garcia-Romeu, Albert & Darcy, Sean & Jackson, Hillary & White, Toni & Rosenberg, Paul., November 2021
Touyz, S., Hay, P. The future of eating disorders research: an editorial. J Eat Disord 10, 10 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-022-00538-5
Winkelman, M. J., Szabo, A., & Frecska, E. (2023). The potential of psychedelics for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 76, 3-16.
Studies in healthy subjects
Max Wolff, Felix Betzler, Ricarda Evens, Gerhard Gründer, Michael Koslowski, Lea J. Mertens, Henrik Jungaberle. (2020). Learning to Let Go: A Cognitive-Behavioral Model of How Psychedelic Therapy Promotes Acceptance.
REBUS and the Anarchic Brain: Toward a Unified Model of the Brain Action of Psychedelics. R. L. Carhart-Harris and K. J. Friston. Pharmacological Reviews. July 2019. 71:316–344, doi: https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.118.017160
High dose psilocybin is associated with positive subjective effects in healthy volunteers.Nicholas, et al. Journal of Psychopharmacology. July 2018. 32(7): 770-778, doi: 10.1177/0269881118780713journals.sagepub.com/home/jop.
Survey study of challenging experiences after ingesting psilocybin mushrooms: Demographics and phenomenology. 2010. Carbonaro TM, Barrett FS, Bradstreet MP, Johnson MW, MacLean KA, Jesse R, Griffiths RR. Drug & Alcohol Dependence. Oct 2010. Volume 146, e239 – e240, 2015.
Psilocybin Biases Facial Recognition, Goal-Directed Behavior, and Mood State Toward Positive Relative to Negative Emotions Through Different Serotonergic Subreceptors. 2012. Kometer M, Schmidt A, Bachmann R, Studerus E, Seifritz E, Vollenweider FX. Biological Psychiatry. Volume 72, Issue 11, 1 Dec 2012, Pages 898-906, ISSN 0006-3223.
Psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences: immediate and persisting dose-related effects.2011. Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Richards, WA, Richards BD, McCann U, Jesse R. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2011 Dec, 218(4):649-65. Epub 15 Jun 2011.
Mystical experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen psilocybin lead to increases in the personality domain of openness. 2011. MacLean KA, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 25(11), 1453-1461.
Acute, subacute and long-term subjective effects of psilocybin in healthy humans: a pooled analysis of experimental studies. 2011. Studerus E, Kometer M, Hasler F, Vollenweider FX. J Psychopharmacol. 25 Nov 2011: 1434-1452, first published on 20 September 2010 doi: 10.1177/0269881110382466
Non-hallucinogenic psychedelic analog reverses effects of stress in mouse study. ScienceDaily. Retrieved May 26, 2021 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/05/210525160842.htm University of California – Santa Cruz. (2021, May 25).
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
MDMA-assisted therapy for severe PTSD: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study Mitchell, J.M., Bogenschutz, M., Lilienstein, A. et al. MDMA-assisted therapy for severe PTSD: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study. Nat Med 27, 1025–1033 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01336-3
PRESS RELEASE: Interim Analysis Shows At Least 90%Chance of Statistically Significant Difference in PTSD Symptoms after MDMA-assisted Psychotherapy. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies. (2020).
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for treatment of PTSD: study design and rationale for phase 3 trials based on pooled analysis of six phases 2 randomized controlled trials. Mithoefer, M. C., Feduccia, A. A., Jerome, L., Mithoefer, A., Wagner, M., Walsh, Z., … & Doblin, R. (2019).Psychopharmacology, 236(9), 2735-2745.
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multi-Site Phase 3 Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Manualized MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy for the Treatment of Severe Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation. (2018). Version 1.
3, 4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted psychotherapy for treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized phase 2 controlled trial. Ot’alora G, M., Grigsby, J., Poulter, B., Van Derveer III, J. W., Giron, S. G., Jerome, L., … & Mithoefer, M. C. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 32(12), 1295-1307. (2018).
A Manual for MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Version 8. Mithoefer, M (2016)
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in military veterans, firefighters, and police officers: A randomised, double-blind, dose-response, phase 2 clinical trial. Mithoefer, MC, Mithoefer, AT, Feduccia, AA. Lancet Psychiatry. 5: 486–497. (2018)
Psychedelics and Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy: Clinical Implications. Collin M. Reiff, M.D., Elon E. Richman, M.D., Charles B. Nemeroff, M.D., Ph.D., Linda L. Carpenter, M.D., Alik S. Widge, M.D., Ph.D., Carolyn I. Rodriguez, M.D., Ph.D., Ned H. Kalin, M.D., William M. McDonald, M.D., and the Work Group on Biomarkers and Novel Treatments, a Division of the American Psychiatric Association Council of
Research. Am J Psychiatry, 1-20. (2020).
Addiction
First study of safety and tolerability of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy in patients with alcohol use disorder: preliminary data on the first four participants. Sessa B, Sakal C, O’Brien S, Nutt D. F. BMJ Case Rep. 2019 Jul 15;12(7):e230109. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2019-230109. PMID: 31308191; PMCID: PMC6663239.
Mechanism of Action
van der Kolk, B. A., Wang, J. B., Yehuda, R., Bedrosian, L., Coker, A. R., Harrison, C., … & Doblin, R. (2024). Effects of MDMA-assisted therapy for PTSD on self-experience. PLoS One, 19(1), e0295926.
A Review of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-Assisted Psychotherapy. Sessa Ben, Higbed Laurie, Nutt David,Frontiers in Psychiatry, volume 10, 138. (2019).
The therapeutic effect of increased openness: Investigating the mechanism of action in MDMA-assisted psychotherapy. Wagner, M. T., Mithoefer, M. C., Mithoefer, A. T., MacAulay, R. K., Jerome, L., Yazar-Klosinski, B., & Doblin, R. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 31(8), 967-974. (2017).
A proof-of-principle study of the short-term effects of MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) on tinnitus and neural connectivity Searchfield, G & Poppe, T.N.E.R. & Durai, M. & Jensen, M. & Kennedy, M.A. & Maggo, S. & Miller, A.L & Park, J & Russell, B & Shekhawat, Giriraj & Spiegel, D. & Sundram, Frederick & Wise, K. International Journal of Neuroscience, 32(12), 1295-1307. (2019).
Social Anxiety
Reduction in social anxiety after MDMA-assisted psychotherapy with autistic adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Danforth, Alicia L., et al. Psychopharmacology 235.11: 3137-3148. (2018)
The prosocial effects of 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): controlled studies in humans and laboratory animals. Kamilar-Britt, P., & Bedi, G. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 57, 433-446. (2015).
Safety and Reviews
The cost-effectiveness of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of chronic, treatment-resistant PTSD Elliot Marseille, James G. Kahn, Berra Yazar-Klosinski, Rick Doblin Plos One 15 (10): e0239997 (October, 2020)
Safety pharmacology of acute MDMA administration in healthy subjects. Vizeli, P, Liechti, ME J Psychopharmacol 31: 576–588.(2017)
Current Treatments
Treatment outcomes for depression: challenges and opportunities. Pim Cuijpers, Argyris Stringaris and Miranda Wolpert (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30036-5
Lifetime use of MDMA/ecstasy and psilocybin is associated with reduced odds of major depressive episodes. Journal of Psychopharmacology. Jones GM, Nock MK. January 2022. doi:10.1177/02698811211066714
Historical Context
Chemical evidence for the use of multiple psychotropic plants in a 1,000-year-old ritual bundle from South America Melanie J. Miller, Juan Albarracin-Jordan, Christine Moore, and José M. Capriles (2019). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1902174116
Radiocarbon Dating of Atacama (Chile) Snuff Trays: An Update on Stylistic and Chronological Correlations Richardin, Pascale & Lavier, Catherine & Horta Tricallotis, Helena & Figueroa, Valentina & Lira, Nicolás. (2015). DOI:10.2458/azu_rc.57.18318
The oldest archeological data evidencing the relationship of Homo sapiens with psychoactive plants: A worldwide overview Giorgio Samorini (2019). https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2019.008
Psychedelics and Music
Clare O’Callaghan. (2020) Experience of Music Used With Psychedelic Therapy: A Rapid Review and Implications.
Mendel Kaelen & Bruna Giribaldi & Jordan Raine & Lisa Evans & Christopher Timmerman & Natalie Rodriguez & Leor Roseman & Amanda Feilding & David Nutt & Robin Carhart-Harris. (2018). The hidden therapist: evidence for a central role of music in psychedelic therapy.
Frederick S. Barrett, Katrin H. Preller & Mendel Kaelen. (2018). Psychedelics and music: neuroscience and therapeutic implications.
Depression
Treatment outcomes for depression: challenges and opportunities. Pim Cuijpers, Argyris Stringaris and Miranda Wolpert (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30036-5
PTSD
Schnurr PP, Chard KM, Ruzek JI, et al. Comparison of Prolonged Exposure vs Cognitive Processing Therapy for Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among US Veterans: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(1):e2136921. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.3692